The progress and results of OCEAN:ICE are published in deliverables and milestone reports.
The KPIs defined in this deliverable will allow us to monitor how long it takes from the O:I data production to its availability in the European Marine Data Infrastructures (e.g. SOOS and EMODnet), the amount of data that need further tiers of validation, the amount of data that is included in the SeaDataNet network of National Oceanographic Data Centres and IODE collections, and the number of publications. The goal of this report is to set the KPIs that will be monitored and reported periodically upon.
The OCEAN:ICE web data portal is part of the Application Layer (AL) for data presentation/dissemination described in the OCEAN:ICE-DI illustrated in the Deliverable D7.4 Infrastructure Design v.1.0, taking its foundation on data ingestion/connection and data service layer. OCEAN ICE-DI-AL is designed to provide the Southern Ocean community with FAIR information on physical, biochemical and metocean parameters.
This document describes the OCEAN:ICE approach to interoperability, which facilitates OCEAN:ICE stakeholders in consuming and using OCEAN:ICE data. Notably, as OCEAN:ICE supports the maintenance and evolution of SOOSmap, these interoperability requirements are designed to assist and support the SOOS community.
The goal of OCEAN:ICE is to evaluate the impacts of key Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) and Southern Ocean processes on sea level rise, deep water formation, and ocean circulation to enhance predictions of how changes in the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets impact global climate. To achieve this, historical datasets, observations from the period spanning 2022 to 2024, and numerical models, including the development of coupled ice sheet-ocean and ice sheet-ocean-climate models, will be employed.
The WP7 Data Management team has taken over the legacy of the EU Horizon 2020 SO-CHIC project to contribute to making Southern Ocean data findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable in the long term. As described in the OCEAN:ICE Data Management Plan (Novellino & Misurale, 2023; Novellino & Dapueto, 2024), WP7 focuses on in situ data.
OCEAN:ICE moves beyond open access in implementing open science practices while adhering to the principles FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability and Reusability) principles: OCEAN:ICE infrastructure is designed to provide immediate, free access and interoperability for collected data. It adopts open data management software tools (e.g., ERDDAP™, GeoServer, GeoNetwork) and ensures that OCEAN:ICE data is immediately integrable and accessible via the European Commission public data repositories.
This deliverable consists of several data sets obtained during the Korean Polar research vessel Araon cruise to the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica. This report consists of a summary of the data gathered - the data sets themselves will be published in an open data repository once the quality control is completed.
The analysis is made available to OCEAN:ICE partners on the ftp server of partner ETT. Please note that the data will be archived in an open repository (Zenodo) for long-term access when publications in preparation are published.
This deliverable is an evaluation of the hindcast simulations performed with the Finite volumE Sea Ice-Ocean Model (FESOM2). We start with a brief description of the circumpolar ocean close to the continent followed by a short model description before we dive into a comparison with products derived from observations.
This deliverable consists of a high resolution bathymetry data set, obtained with an AUV-mounted multibeam, in an ice-covered region near Bear Ridge in the Amundsen Sea. In total we obtained 25 km2 of high resolution (1 m grid size) bathymetry. This can be compared to the resolution normally obtained from a ship-borne multibeam, which is 10-20 m. An initial assessment of the traces seen is also provided.
Various instruments were deployed during two different campaigns to the continental slopes of the Weddell Sea and Dronning Maud Land (DML).
A total of 8 ARGO float profilers were deployed between December 2023 and March 2024. This is a short report indicating the work done and the main achievements.
In this data set we present trace gas measurements and derived variables such as basal glacial meltwater (GMW) fractions and water mass ages from the RV POLARSTERN expedition PS124 in the southern Weddell Sea in austral summer 2021. The trace gases comprise the lighter noble gases, i.e., total helium (He) and the excess above solubility equilibrium ΔHe, the 3He/4He ratio reported as δ3He, total neon (Ne) and the excess ΔNe, and the deviation from the equilibrium He/Ne ratio Δ(He/Ne), as well as the transient anthropogenic trace gases chlorofluorocarbon (CFC-12) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) concentrations. From these noble gases (He and Ne) we derived glacial meltwater fractions. From the transient tracers we computed SF6-concentration ages, CFC-12/SF6 ratio ages and TTD (Transit Time Distribution) mean ages. This dataset adds unique observations-based water mass information to the circumpolar observations synthesized in WP1, and will further contribute to the evaluation of the numerical modelling efforts carried out in this work package.
This deliverable is a new dataset of sea ice production (SIP) in Antarctic coastal polynyas, critical regions for sea ice formation and dense water formation. Using Earth Observation data and atmospheric reanalysis, we use a heat budget method to estimate the SIP. We use sea ice concentration (SIC) from passive microwave sensors and ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis for near-surface wind speed and surface air temperature. Comparison against previous literature shows broad consistency in spatial patterns and magnitude of ice production, with notable variations across larger polynyas. Despite simplifications and thereby increased uncertainties in the absolute ice production values, the data set provides valuable insights into the dynamics and variability of Antarctic polynya SIP for the period 1992-2023.
OCEAN:ICE provides products to both internal and external users. The data workflow is based on a
chain of individual operational components, each contributing either to data production or user interaction functions. The infrastructure implements open and free of charge data access, it adopts international standards, follows European regulations such as INSPIRE, it is accessible under the OCEAN:ICE web domain (www.ocean-ice.eu) and offers up to date means of data and data products dissemination and interaction tools.
Nevertheless, the developed system cannot be considered finally closed, and for the entire duration of the project, the following evolution principles have to be considered and applied:
o The service shall be state-of-the-art in its scope, and it shall be user-driven.
o Common standards are adopted and applied throughout the different elements of the system.
o Quality of the methodology of workflow has to follow and apply, well-established engineering methodologies derived from industry (e.g., ISO9001:2015, ISO15288, etc.) drive the definition of an adapted approach.
Within this framework, OCEAN:ICE poses itself amongst the up-to-date data infrastructure projects, adopts the latest interoperability best practices and enables data-products FAIRness to maximise the OCEAN:ICE data value chain from production to its end use for added value ocean products.
Data Management Plan (DMP) is a living document, and this deliverable presents the updated version of OCEAN:ICE DMP. To facilitate the reader to see latest assumptions, the updates are highlighted in yellow.
Net ice loss from Antarctica is predominantly observed in West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula, with East Antarctica close to a state of balance (Otosaka et al., 2023). The freshwater flux from the continent to the Southern Ocean is driven by solid ice flux, basal melting of ice shelves, and the loss of surface snow and ice by melt and runoff and the wind driven erosion of snow. This deliverable is a report on work carried out in work package 3 of OCEAN:ICE and focuses on the processes that lead to freshwater fluxes from Antarctica, primarily the runoff of surface melt water, wind driven erosion of surface snow. Antarctica is notable for very few in-situ observations, therefore we use new state-of-the-art regional climate simulations, including new parameterisations and data assimilation to calculate surface freshwater fluxes over the historical reanalysis period. We also include some insights on observed basal melting of ice shelves from observations with in-situ autonomous phase sensitive radar (ApRES) to assist in assessing satellite based estimates of ice shelf melt.
We gathered over 600,000 temperature/salinity profiles and time series observations of essential ocean variables (here ocean temperature, salinity, pressure and currents) that are reposited in various data centres and in various formats across the world. This heterogeneity creates a significant barrier for researchers trying to obtain a circumpolar view of ocean processes. Here, we provide version 1 of two compilation datasets merging observations from an extensive set of sources, and attempting to be as complete as possible. This open dataset will provide the observational backbone for OCEAN:ICE analysis and hopefully many other projects around the world. We are looking for continuing expanding both the profile compilations with the addition of early temperature measurement collected using eXpendable BathyThermograph (XBT), Mechanical Bathythermograph (MBT), early salinity measurement from bottle measurements, remaining mooring time series that is under embargo or under-processing with our contributor as listed above.
The four cross cutting themes (storylines) of OCEAN:ICE are:
o The ‘Antarctic Bottom Water’ theme, led by Povl Abrahamsen (UKRI-BAS).
o The ‘Deep Uncertainty in Freshwater Fluxes (DUFF)’ theme, led by Frank Pattyn (ULB) and
Jan de Rydt (UNN).
o The ‘Role of the Poles’ them, led by Robin Smith (UREAD).
o The ‘Oxygen isotope’ them, led by Casimir de Lavergne (CNRS).
The four meetings of cross cutting themes were held over October/November 2023. Two of these, the ‘Deep Uncertainty in Freshwater Fluxes’ and the ‘Antarctic Bottom Water’, were held in person/hybrid during the OCEAN:ICE annual science meeting in Paris (23-26 October 2023), whilst the other two, ‘Oxygen Isotopes’ and ‘Role of the Poles’, were held virtually in the following weeks. A summary of the key discussion points and actions arising is provided in this milestone report.
This milestone concerns the design and deployment of the first version of the OCEAN:ICE data management infrastructure.
The verification of this milestone’s achievements is facilitated through online access to the deployed services:
Backend:
o ERDDAP: https://er1.s4oceanice.eu/erddap/index.html
o GeoNetwork: https://catalog.s4oceanice.eu/geonetwork/
Frontend Portal: https://literacy.s4oceanice.eu/intro.html
This deliverable is a report on the analysis undertaken to determine the length scales and timescales of oxygen isotope (δ18O) variations in the surface ocean based on observations. We find that there are multiple length scales, up to three (depending on the length of the segment being analysed). We characterise these length scales as being eddy (typically 100-300km), an intermediate scale (500-700 km) and a gyre scale (1000-1500 km). The spatial distribution of the decorrelation length scales indicate the pervasiveness of eddies in the Southern Ocean, while longer length scales depict the zonal nature of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current as well as the structure of the Ross and Weddell gyres. The differences in the spatial patterns suggest that at the largest scales, the decorrelation length scales are anisotropic, with meridional length scales mostly featuring the circumpolar current, while northward scales indicating the northward spreading of the Subantarctic Mode Waters. Regarding the decorrelation timescales, unfortunately, the available time series in the Southern Ocean can only suggest some interannual variability, but the amount of observations is not enough to identify the structure or driver of such variability. Scales associated with oxygen isotopes are similar to those for salinity, whereas there are some differences with temperature.
This report summarises the work performed, and reasons for the delay to the milestone.
The mooring deployment is described in more details in the full cruise report for FV Argos
Georgia voyage SS24, which will be submitted to the British Oceanographic Data Centre
(BODC), to be linked from https://www.bodc.ac.uk/resources/inventories/cruise_inventory/report/18630/
This milestone is related to the application of the Iterative Ensemble Kalman Filter to the WAVI ice sheet model.
Proceedings: SO-CHIC and OCEAN:ICE Joint Project Conference, Sorbonne University, Paris, France and online, 24 - 25 October 2023.
As part of the dissemination and outreach activities enumerated in Work Package 9 of the EU-funded Horizon Europe OCEAN:ICE project, the European Polar Board (EPB) organised a policy briefing to highlight the work, goals, and relevance of OCEAN:ICE to the public. The event was titled, “The Changing Poles: how Antarctic and Arctic science helps to inform and prepare the EU for changes in sea level rise and the global climate”. The event was held in the European Parliament’s main building on 24 January, 2024 from 14:15 to 16:00 CET. The aim of the policy briefing was to raise the profile of the project, as well as to signpost project progress, expected outcomes, and links to EU policy priorities. The policy briefing was held in-person and online. As such, the policy briefing’s main audience was the European Institutions, and several high-profile EU decisionmakers were speakers. The policy briefing was streamed online, ensuring a wide reach and dissemination.
24 January 2024: Policy briefing. This policy briefing has been organised by the European Polar Board (EPB) with assistance from the European Parliament Intergroup European Bureau for Conservation and Development (EBCD) on behalf of the EU-funded projects OCEAN:ICE and Arctic PASSION.
This milestone report explains the work planned and performed during the 2023-24 Antarctic season. Task 2.4 "Observing the ocean beneath the sea ice fasten to grounded icebergs" is to deploy oceanographic instrumentation into the water column beneath Fimbul Ice Shelf, with the aim of studying the interaction between the base of the ice shelf and the ocean.
This is a preliminary report on the Milestone MSa3
The consortium met at Sorbonne University in Paris on the 25-26 October 2023. This event was also held virtually via Zoom. This meeting was organised in collaboration with the consortium for the H2020-funded project SO-CHIC allowing for overlap to encourage knowledge exchange, collaboration and networking. The meeting was in conjunction with the H2020 project SO-CHIC annual meeting (23-24 October 2023) and a jointly organised scientific conference on 24-25 October 2023. The event brought together several Southern Ocean and cryosphere scientists from OCEAN:ICE, SO-CHIC, but also from other projects funded by the European Union, the European Space Agency, UK Research and Innovation, and related projects from the EU Polar Cluster and beyond. The proceedings of the SO-CHIC and OCEAN:ICE Joint Project Conference are going to be made available in the OCEAN:ICE Zenodo community Ocean-Cryosphere Exchanges in Antarctica: Impacts on Climate and the Earth System.
This document presents the result of the analysis of the available in situ data in the area and scope of the OCEAN:ICE; it describes how to access these data, including links to sources, and presents a simplified data ingestion procedure to facilitate data exchange across the OCEAN:ICE community and stakeholders, according to FAIR principles and adopting common standards.
Disclaimers: The document presents the status at the time of writing. The OCEAN:ICE data infrastructure will be continuously updated with other ingested/rescued datasets, updates are planned with the updates of the data management plan. The analysis focuses on in situ data only.
Data on melt-water production has been made available and uploaded to the data servers. A detailed description of the new water-routing algorithm has been attached to this report, and circulated among project partners. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8345304
OCEAN:ICE aims to create a collaborative atmosphere that welcomes diversity of thought and allows everyone to thrive, no matter their background or characteristics and uphold excellence in the science that we do together. The present document presents the OCEAN:ICE Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion Policy. The policy is published on the project website and it is a living document. Zenodo. https://zenodo.org/records/10707801
Milestone report on the fast-track data delivery on ice dynamic fluxes. This milestone is a dataset which has been made available to consortium partners on the project server of partner ETT for download via an FTP. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8195207
Milestone report on the IACS/IAPSO/OCEAN:ICE joint session at the IUGG OCEAN:ICE interactions – Ice sheet impacts on ocean circulation and climate feedbacks JP03/JP04 Breakout Discussion Session. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8200589
Report on the Workshop with ESA CCI and EO on ice shelf mass balance (Milestone MS6) Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8033778
Data management plan (Deliverable D7.1). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8023002
OCEAN:ICE Kick-off meeting report (Milestone MS17). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7386310
Proceedings: Southern Ocean & Antarctica Joint Workshop. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7472651